/*
// This software is subject to the terms of the Eclipse Public License v1.0
// Agreement, available at the following URL:
// http://www.eclipse.org/legal/epl-v10.html.
// You must accept the terms of that agreement to use this software.
//
// Copyright (C) 2008-2013 Pentaho
// All Rights Reserved.
*/
package mondrian.spi;

import mondrian.rolap.SqlStatement;

import java.sql.ResultSetMetaData;
import java.sql.SQLException;
import java.util.List;
import java.util.Map;

/**
 * Description of an SQL dialect.
 *
 * <h3>Instantiating a dialect</h3>
 *
 * <p>A dialect is instantiated via a {@link DialectFactory}.</p>
 *
 * <p>In JDBC terms, a dialect is analogous to a {@link java.sql.Connection},
 * and a dialect factory is analogous to a {@link java.sql.Driver}, in the
 * sense that the JDBC driver manager maintains a chain of registered drivers,
 * and each driver in turn is given the opportunity to create a connection
 * that can handle a particular JDBC connect string. For dialects, each
 * registered dialect factory is given the chance to create a dialect that
 * matches a particular connection.</p>
 *
 * <p>A dialect factory may be explicit or implicit:<ul>
 *
 * <li>An <em>explicit factory</em> is declared by creating a <code>public
 *     static final</code> member in the dialect class called
 *     "<code>FACTORY</code>".</li>
 *
 * <li>If there is no explicit factory, Mondrian requires that the class has
 *     a public constructor that takes a {@link java.sql.Connection} as its
 *     sole parameter, and the {@link DialectManager} creates an <em>implicit
 *     factory</em> that calls that constructor.</li>
 *
 * </ul></p>
 *
 * <p>Dialect factories can also be the means for caching or pooling dialects.
 * See {@link #allowsDialectSharing} and
 * {@link mondrian.spi.DialectFactory} for more details.</p>
 *
 * <h3>Registering dialects</h3>
 *
 * <p>A dialect needs to be registered with the system in order to be used.
 * Call {@link mondrian.spi.DialectManager#register(DialectFactory)}
 * to register a dialect factory, or
 * {@link mondrian.spi.DialectManager#register(Class)} to register a dialect
 * class.
 *
 * <p>Mondrian can load dialects on startup. To enable this for your dialect,
 * <ol>
 * <li>Place your dialect class in a JAR file.
 * <li>Include in the JAR file a file called
 *     "<code>META-INF/services/mondrian.spi.Dialect</code>", containing the
 *     name of your dialect class.</li>
 * <li>Ensure that the JAR file is on the class path.
 * </ol>
 *
 * <h3>Writing a dialect</h3>
 *
 * <p>To implement a dialect, write a class that implements the {@code Dialect}
 * interface. It is recommended that you subclass
 * {@link mondrian.spi.impl.JdbcDialectImpl}, to help to make your
 * dialect is forwards compatible, but it is not mandatory.</p>
 *
 * <p>A dialects should be immutable. Mondrian assumes that dialects can safely
 * be shared between threads that use the same
 * {@link java.sql.Connection JDBC connection} without synchronization. If
 * {@link #allowsDialectSharing()} returns true, Mondrian
 * may use the same dialect for different connections from the same
 * {@link javax.sql.DataSource JDBC data source}.</p>
 *
 * <p>Load the FoodMart data set into your database, and run Mondrian's suite of
 * regression tests. In particular, get {@code mondrian.test.DialectTest} to run
 * cleanly first; this will ensure that the dialect's claims are consistent with
 * the actual behavior of your database.</p>
 *
 * @see mondrian.spi.DialectFactory
 * @see mondrian.spi.DialectManager
 *
 * @author jhyde
 * @since Oct 10, 2008
 */
public interface Dialect {
    /**
     * Converts an expression to upper case.
     *
     * <p>For example, for MySQL, {@code toUpper("foo.bar")} returns
     * {@code "UPPER(foo.bar)"}.</p>
     *
     * @param expr SQL expression
     *
     * @return SQL syntax that converts <code>expr</code>
     * into upper case.
     */
    String toUpper(String expr);

    /**
     * Generates a conditional statement in this dialect's syntax.
     *
     * <p>For example, {@code caseWhenElse("b", "1", "0")} returns
     * {@code "case when b then 1 else 0 end"} on Oracle,
     * {@code "Iif(b, 1, 0)"} on Access.
     *
     * @param cond Predicate expression
     * @param thenExpr Expression if condition is true
     * @param elseExpr Expression if condition is false
     * @return Conditional expression
     */
    String caseWhenElse(
        String cond,
        String thenExpr,
        String elseExpr);

    /**
     * Encloses an identifier in quotation marks appropriate for this
     * Dialect.
     *
     * <p>For example,
     * <code>quoteIdentifier("emp")</code> yields a string containing
     * <code>"emp"</code> in Oracle, and a string containing
     * <code>[emp]</code> in Access.
     *
     * @param val Identifier
     *
     * @return Quoted identifier
     */
    String quoteIdentifier(String val);

    /**
     * Appends to a buffer an identifier, quoted appropriately for this
     * Dialect.
     *
     * @param val identifier to quote (must not be null).
     * @param buf Buffer
     */
    void quoteIdentifier(String val, StringBuilder buf);

    /**
     * Encloses an identifier in quotation marks appropriate for the
     * current SQL dialect. For example, in Oracle, where the identifiers
     * are quoted using double-quotes,
     * <code>quoteIdentifier("schema","table")</code> yields a string
     * containing <code>"schema"."table"</code>.
     *
     * @param qual Qualifier. If it is not null,
     *             <code>"<em>qual</em>".</code> is prepended.
     * @param name Name to be quoted.
     * @return Quoted identifier
     */
    String quoteIdentifier(
        String qual,
        String name);

    /**
     * Appends to a buffer a list of identifiers, quoted
     * appropriately for this Dialect.
     *
     * <p>Names in the list may be null, but there must be at least one
     * non-null name in the list.</p>
     *
     * @param buf Buffer
     * @param names List of names to be quoted
     */
    void quoteIdentifier(
        StringBuilder buf,
        String... names);

    /**
     * Returns the character which is used to quote identifiers, or null
     * if quoting is not supported.
     *
     * @return identifier quote
     */
    String getQuoteIdentifierString();

    /**
     * Appends to a buffer a single-quoted SQL string.
     *
     * <p>For example, in the default dialect,
     * <code>quoteStringLiteral(buf, "Can't")</code> appends
     * "<code>'Can''t'</code>" to <code>buf</code>.
     *
     * @param buf Buffer to append to
     * @param s Literal
     */
    void quoteStringLiteral(
        StringBuilder buf,
        String s);

    /**
     * Appends to a buffer a numeric literal.
     *
     * <p>In the default dialect, numeric literals are printed as is.
     *
     * @param buf Buffer to append to
     * @param value Literal
     */
    void quoteNumericLiteral(
        StringBuilder buf,
        String value);

    /**
     * Appends to a buffer a boolean literal.
     *
     * <p>In the default dialect, boolean literals are printed as is.
     *
     * @param buf Buffer to append to
     * @param value Literal
     */
    void quoteBooleanLiteral(
        StringBuilder buf,
        String value);

    /**
     * Appends to a buffer a date literal.
     *
     * <p>For example, in the default dialect,
     * <code>quoteStringLiteral(buf, "1969-03-17")</code>
     * appends <code>DATE '1969-03-17'</code>.
     *
     * @param buf Buffer to append to
     * @param value Literal
     */
    void quoteDateLiteral(
        StringBuilder buf,
        String value);

    /**
     * Appends to a buffer a time literal.
     *
     * <p>For example, in the default dialect,
     * <code>quoteStringLiteral(buf, "12:34:56")</code>
     * appends <code>TIME '12:34:56'</code>.
     *
     * @param buf Buffer to append to
     * @param value Literal
     */
    void quoteTimeLiteral(
        StringBuilder buf,
        String value);

    /**
     * Appends to a buffer a timestamp literal.
     *
     * <p>For example, in the default dialect,
     * <code>quoteStringLiteral(buf, "1969-03-17 12:34:56")</code>
     * appends <code>TIMESTAMP '1969-03-17 12:34:56'</code>.
     *
     * @param buf Buffer to append to
     * @param value Literal
     */
    void quoteTimestampLiteral(
        StringBuilder buf,
        String value);

    /**
     * Returns whether this Dialect requires subqueries in the FROM clause
     * to have an alias.
     *
     * @see #allowsFromQuery()
     *
     * @return whether dialewct requires subqueries to have an alias
     */
    boolean requiresAliasForFromQuery();

    /**
     * Returns whether the SQL dialect allows "AS" in the FROM clause.
     * If so, "SELECT * FROM t AS alias" is a valid query.
     *
     * @return whether dialect allows AS in FROM clause
     */
    boolean allowsAs();

    /**
     * Returns whether this Dialect allows a subquery in the from clause,
     * for example
     *
     * <blockquote><code>SELECT * FROM (SELECT * FROM t) AS
     * x</code></blockquote>
     *
     * @see #requiresAliasForFromQuery()
     *
     * @return whether Dialect allows subquery in FROM clause
     */
    boolean allowsFromQuery();

    /**
     * Returns whether this Dialect allows multiple arguments to the
     * <code>COUNT(DISTINCT ...) aggregate function, for example
     *
     * <blockquote><code>SELECT COUNT(DISTINCT x, y) FROM t</code></blockquote>
     *
     * @see #allowsCountDistinct()
     * @see #allowsMultipleCountDistinct()
     *
     * @return whether Dialect allows multiple arguments to COUNT DISTINCT
     */
    boolean allowsCompoundCountDistinct();

    /**
     * Returns whether this Dialect supports distinct aggregations.
     *
     * <p>For example, Access does not allow
     * <blockquote>
     * <code>select count(distinct x) from t</code>
     * </blockquote>
     *
     * @return whether Dialect allows COUNT DISTINCT
     */
    boolean allowsCountDistinct();

    /**
     * Returns whether this Dialect supports more than one distinct
     * aggregation in the same query.
     *
     * <p>In Derby 10.1,
     * <blockquote>
     *   <code>select couunt(distinct x) from t</code>
     * </blockquote>
     * is OK, but
     * <blockquote>
     *   <code>select couunt(distinct x), count(distinct y) from t</code>
     * </blockquote>
     * gives "Multiple DISTINCT aggregates are not supported at this time."
     *
     * @return whether this Dialect supports more than one distinct
     * aggregation in the same query
     */
    boolean allowsMultipleCountDistinct();

    /**
     * Returns whether this Dialect has performant support of distinct SQL
     * measures in the same query.
     *
     * @return whether this dialect supports multiple count(distinct subquery)
     * measures in one query.
     */
    boolean allowsMultipleDistinctSqlMeasures();

    /**
     * Generates a SQL statement to represent an inline dataset.
     *
     * <p>For example, for Oracle, generates
     *
     * <pre>
     * SELECT 1 AS FOO, 'a' AS BAR FROM dual
     * UNION ALL
     * SELECT 2 AS FOO, 'b' AS BAR FROM dual
     * </pre>
     *
     * <p>For ANSI SQL, generates:
     *
     * <pre>
     * VALUES (1, 'a'), (2, 'b')
     * </pre>
     *
     * @param columnNames List of column names
     * @param columnTypes List of column types ("String" or "Numeric")
     * @param valueList List of rows values
     * @return SQL string
     */
    String generateInline(
        List<String> columnNames,
        List<String> columnTypes,
        List<String[]> valueList);

    /**
     * If Double values need to include additional exponent in its string
     * represenation. This is to make sure that Double literals will be
     * interpreted as doubles by LucidDB.
     *
     * @param value Double value to generate string for
     * @param valueString java string representation for this value.
     * @return whether an additional exponent "E0" needs to be appended
     *
     */
    boolean needsExponent(Object value, String valueString);

    /**
     * Appends to a buffer a value quoted for its type.
     *
     * @param buf Buffer to append to
     * @param value Value
     * @param datatype Datatype of value
     */
    void quote(
        StringBuilder buf,
        Object value,
        Datatype datatype);

    /**
     * Returns whether this dialect supports common SQL Data Definition
     * Language (DDL) statements such as <code>CREATE TABLE</code> and
     * <code>DROP INDEX</code>.
     *
     * <p>Access seems to allow DDL iff the .mdb file is writeable.
     *
     * @see java.sql.DatabaseMetaData#isReadOnly()
     *
     * @return whether this Dialect supports DDL
     */
    boolean allowsDdl();

    /**
     * Generates an item for an ORDER BY clause, sorting in the required
     * direction, and ensuring that NULL values collate either before or after
     * all non-NULL values, depending on the <code>collateNullsLast</code>
     * parameter.
     *
     * @param expr Expression
     * @param nullable Whether expression may have NULL values
     * @param ascending Whether to sort expression ascending
     * @param collateNullsLast Whether the null values should be sorted first
     * or last.
     *
     * @return Expression modified so that NULL values collate last
     */
    String generateOrderItem(
        String expr,
        boolean nullable,
        boolean ascending,
        boolean collateNullsLast);

    /**
     * Returns whether this Dialect supports expressions in the GROUP BY
     * clause. Derby/Cloudscape and Infobright do not.
     *
     * @return Whether this Dialect allows expressions in the GROUP BY
     *   clause
     */
    boolean supportsGroupByExpressions();

    /**
     * Returns whether this Dialect allows the GROUPING SETS construct in
     * the GROUP BY clause. Currently Greenplum, IBM DB2, Oracle, and Teradata.
     *
     * @return Whether this Dialect allows GROUPING SETS clause
     */
    boolean supportsGroupingSets();

    /**
     * Returns whether this Dialect places no limit on the number
     * of rows which can appear as elements of an IN or VALUES
     * expression.
     *
     * @return whether value list length is unlimited
     */
    boolean supportsUnlimitedValueList();

    /**
     * Returns true if this Dialect can include expressions in the GROUP BY
     * clause only by adding an expression to the SELECT clause and using
     * its alias.
     *
     * <p>For example, in such a dialect,
     * <blockquote>
     * <code>SELECT x, x FROM t GROUP BY x</code>
     * </blockquote>
     * would be illegal, but
     * <blockquote>
     * <code>SELECT x AS a, x AS b FROM t ORDER BY a, b</code>
     * </blockquote>
     *
     * would be legal.</p>
     *
     * <p>Infobright is the only such dialect.</p>
     *
     * @return Whether this Dialect can include expressions in the GROUP BY
     *   clause only by adding an expression to the SELECT clause and using
     *   its alias
     */
    boolean requiresGroupByAlias();

    /**
     * Returns true if this Dialect can include expressions in the ORDER BY
     * clause only by adding an expression to the SELECT clause and using
     * its alias.
     *
     * <p>For example, in such a dialect,
     * <blockquote>
     * <code>SELECT x FROM t ORDER BY x + y</code>
     * </blockquote>
     * would be illegal, but
     * <blockquote>
     * <code>SELECT x, x + y AS z FROM t ORDER BY z</code>
     * </blockquote>
     *
     * would be legal.</p>
     *
     * <p>MySQL, DB2 and Ingres are examples of such dialects.</p>
     *
     * @return Whether this Dialect can include expressions in the ORDER BY
     *   clause only by adding an expression to the SELECT clause and using
     *   its alias
     */
    boolean requiresOrderByAlias();

    /**
     * Returns true if this Dialect can include expressions in the HAVING
     * clause only by adding an expression to the SELECT clause and using
     * its alias.
     *
     * <p>For example, in such a dialect,
     * <blockquote>
     * <code>SELECT CONCAT(x) as foo FROM t HAVING CONCAT(x) LIKE "%"</code>
     * </blockquote>
     * would be illegal, but
     * <blockquote>
     * <code>SELECT CONCAT(x) as foo FROM t HAVING foo LIKE "%"</code>
     * </blockquote>
     *
     * would be legal.</p>
     *
     * <p>MySQL is an example of such dialects.</p>
     *
     * @return Whether this Dialect can include expressions in the HAVING
     *   clause only by adding an expression to the SELECT clause and using
     *   its alias
     */
    boolean requiresHavingAlias();

    /**
     * Returns true if aliases defined in the SELECT clause can be used as
     * expressions in the ORDER BY clause.
     *
     * <p>For example, in such a dialect,
     * <blockquote>
     * <code>SELECT x, x + y AS z FROM t ORDER BY z</code>
     * </blockquote>
     *
     * would be legal.</p>
     *
     * <p>MySQL, DB2 and Ingres are examples of dialects where this is true;
     * Access is a dialect where this is false.</p>
     *
     * @return Whether aliases defined in the SELECT clause can be used as
     * expressions in the ORDER BY clause.
     */
    boolean allowsOrderByAlias();

    /**
     * Returns true if this dialect allows only integers in the ORDER BY
     * clause of a UNION (or other set operation) query.
     *
     * <p>For example,
     *
     * <code>SELECT x, y + z FROM t<br/>
     * UNION ALL<br/>
     * SELECT x, y + z FROM t<br/>
     * ORDER BY 1, 2</code>
     *
     * is allowed but
     *
     * <code>SELECT x, y, z FROM t<br/>
     * UNION ALL<br/>
     * SELECT x, y, z FROM t<br/>
     * ORDER BY x</code>
     *
     * is not.
     *
     * <p>Teradata is an example of a dialect with this restriction.
     *
     * @return whether this dialect allows only integers in the ORDER BY
     * clause of a UNION (or other set operation) query
     */
    boolean requiresUnionOrderByOrdinal();

    /**
     * Returns true if this dialect allows an expression in the ORDER BY
     * clause of a UNION (or other set operation) query only if it occurs in
     * the SELECT clause.
     *
     * <p>For example,
     *
     * <code>SELECT x, y + z FROM t<br/>
     * UNION ALL<br/>
     * SELECT x, y + z FROM t<br/>
     * ORDER BY y + z</code>
     *
     * is allowed but
     *
     * <code>SELECT x, y, z FROM t<br/>
     * UNION ALL<br/>
     * SELECT x, y, z FROM t<br/>
     * ORDER BY y + z</code>
     * <code>SELECT x, y, z FROM t ORDER BY y + z</code>
     *
     * is not.
     *
     * <p>Access is an example of a dialect with this restriction.
     *
     * @return whether this dialect allows an expression in the ORDER BY
     * clause of a UNION (or other set operation) query only if it occurs in
     * the SELECT clause
     */
    boolean requiresUnionOrderByExprToBeInSelectClause();

    /**
     * Returns true if this dialect supports multi-value IN expressions.
     * E.g.,
     *
     * <code>WHERE (col1, col2) IN ((val1a, val2a), (val1b, val2b))</code>
     *
     * @return true if the dialect supports multi-value IN expressions
     */
    boolean supportsMultiValueInExpr();

    /**
     * Returns whether this Dialect supports the given concurrency type
     * in combination with the given result set type.
     *
     * <p>The result is similar to
     * {@link java.sql.DatabaseMetaData#supportsResultSetConcurrency(int, int)},
     * except that the JdbcOdbc bridge in JDK 1.6 overstates its abilities.
     * See bug 1690406.
     *
     * @param type defined in {@link java.sql.ResultSet}
     * @param concurrency type defined in {@link java.sql.ResultSet}
     * @return <code>true</code> if so; <code>false</code> otherwise
     */
    boolean supportsResultSetConcurrency(
        int type,
        int concurrency);

    /**
     * Returns the maximum length of the name of a database column or query
     * alias allowed by this dialect.
     *
     * @see java.sql.DatabaseMetaData#getMaxColumnNameLength()
     *
     * @return maximum number of characters in a column name
     */
    int getMaxColumnNameLength();

    /**
     * Returns the database for this Dialect, or
     * {@link mondrian.spi.Dialect.DatabaseProduct#UNKNOWN} if the database is
     * not a common database.
     *
     * @return Database
     */
    DatabaseProduct getDatabaseProduct();

    /**
     * Assembles and returns a string containing any hints that should
     * be appended after the FROM clause in a SELECT statement, based
     * on any hints provided.  Any unrecognized or unsupported hints will
     * be ignored.
     *
     * @param buf The Stringbuffer to which the dialect-specific syntax
     * for any relevant table hints may be appended.  Must not be null.
     * @param hints A map of table hints provided in the schema definition
     */
    void appendHintsAfterFromClause(
        StringBuilder buf,
        Map<String, String> hints);

    /**
     * Returns whether this Dialect object can be used for all connections
     * from the same data source.
     *
     * <p>The default implementation returns {@code true}, and this allows
     * dialects to be cached and reused in environments where connections are
     * allocated from a pool based on the same data source.</p>
     *
     * <p>Data sources are deemed 'equal' by the same criteria used by Java
     * collections, namely the {@link Object#equals(Object)} and
     * {@link Object#hashCode()} methods.</p>
     *
     * @see mondrian.spi.DialectFactory#createDialect(javax.sql.DataSource, java.sql.Connection)
     *
     * @return Whether this dialect can be used for other connections created
     * from the same data source
     */
    boolean allowsDialectSharing();

    /**
     * Returns whether the database currently permits queries to include in the
     * SELECT clause expressions that are not listed in the GROUP BY clause. The
     * SQL standard allows this if the database can deduce that the expression
     * is functionally dependent on columns in the GROUP BY clause.
     *
     * <p>For example, {@code SELECT empno, first_name || ' ' || last_name FROM
     * emps GROUP BY empno} is valid because {@code empno} is the primary key of
     * the {@code emps} table, and therefore all columns are dependent on it.
     * For a given value of {@code empno},
     * {@code first_name || ' ' || last_name} has a unique value.
     *
     * <p>Most databases do not, MySQL is an example of one that does (if the
     * functioality is enabled).
     *
     * @return Whether this Dialect allows SELECT clauses to contain
     * columns that are not in the GROUP BY clause
     */
    boolean allowsSelectNotInGroupBy();

    /**
     * Returns whether this dialect supports "ANSI-style JOIN syntax",
     * {@code FROM leftTable JOIN rightTable ON conditon}.
     *
     * @return Whether this dialect supports FROM-JOIN-ON syntax.
     */
    boolean allowsJoinOn();

    /**
     * Informs Mondrian if the dialect supports regular expressions
     * when creating the 'where' or the 'having' clause.
     * @return True if regular expressions are supported.
     */
    boolean allowsRegularExpressionInWhereClause();

    /**
     * Some databases, like Greenplum, don't include nulls as part
     * of the results of a COUNT sql call. This allows dialects
     * to wrap the count expression in something before it is used
     * in the query.
     * @param exp The expression to wrap.
     * @return A valid expression to use for a count operation.
     */
    String generateCountExpression(String exp);

    /**
     * Must generate a String representing a regular expression match
     * operation between a string literal and a Java regular expression.
     * The string literal might be a column identifier or some other
     * identifier, but the implementation must presume that it is already
     * escaped and fit for use. The regular expression is not escaped
     * and must be adapted to the proper dialect rules.
     * <p>Postgres / Greenplum example:
     * <p><code>
     * generateRegularExpression(
     *   "'foodmart'.'customer_name'", "(?i).*oo.*") ->
     *   'foodmart'.'customer_name' ~ "(?i).*oo.*"
     * </code></p>
     * <p>Oracle example:
     * <p><code>
     * generateRegularExpression(
     *   "'foodmart'.'customer_name'", ".*oo.*") ->
     *   REGEXP_LIKE('foodmart'.'customer_name', ".*oo.*")
     * </code></p>
     *
     * <p>Dialects are allowed to return null if the dialect cannot
     * convert that particular regular expression into something that
     * the database would support.</p>
     *
     * @param source A String identifying the column to match against.
     * @param javaRegExp A Java regular expression to match against.
     * @return A dialect specific matching operation, or null if the
     * dialect cannot convert that particular regular expression into
     * something that the database would support.
     */
    String generateRegularExpression(
        String source,
        String javaRegExp);

    /**
     * Returns a list of statistics providers for this dialect.
     *
     * <p>The default implementation looks for the value of the property
     * {@code mondrian.statistics.providers.PRODUCT} where product is the
     * current dialect's product name (for example "MYSQL"). If that property
     * has no value, looks at the property
     * {@code mondrian.statistics.providers}. The property value should be
     * a comma-separated list of names of classes that implement the
     * {@link StatisticsProvider} interface. For each statistic required,
     * Mondrian will call the method each statistics provider in turn, until one
     * of them returns a non-negative value.</p>
     */
    List<StatisticsProvider> getStatisticsProviders();

    /**
     * <p>Chooses the most appropriate type for accessing the values of a
     * column in a result set for a dialect.</p>
     *
     * <p>Dialect-specific nuances involving type representation should be
     * encapsulated in implementing methods.  For example, if a dialect
     * has implicit rules involving scale or precision, they should be
     * handled within this method so the client can simply retrieve the
     * "best fit" SqlStatement.Type for the column.</p>
     *
     * @param metadata  Results set metadata
     * @param columnIndex Column ordinal (0-based)
     * @return the most appropriate SqlStatement.Type for the column
     */
    SqlStatement.Type getType(ResultSetMetaData metadata, int columnIndex)
        throws SQLException;

    /**
     * Enumeration of common database types.
     *
     * <p>Branching on this enumeration allows you to write code which behaves
     * differently for different databases. However, since the capabilities of
     * a database can change between versions, it is recommended that
     * conditional code is in terms of capabilities methods in
     * {@link mondrian.spi.Dialect}.
     *
     * <p>Because there are so many differences between various versions and
     * ports of DB2, we represent them as 3 separate products. If you want to
     * treat them all as one product, note that the {@link #getFamily()} method
     * for {@link #DB2_AS400} and {@link #DB2_OLD_AS400} returns {@link #DB2}.
     */
    enum DatabaseProduct {
        ACCESS,
        UNKNOWN,
        DERBY,
        DB2_OLD_AS400,
        DB2_AS400,
        DB2,
        FIREBIRD,
        GREENPLUM,
        HIVE,
        HSQLDB,
        IMPALA,
        INFORMIX,
        INFOBRIGHT,
        INGRES,
        INTERBASE,
        LUCIDDB,
        MSSQL,
        MONETDB,
        NETEZZA,
        NEOVIEW,
        ORACLE,
        POSTGRESQL,
        REDSHIFT,
        MYSQL,
        SQLSTREAM,
        SYBASE,
        TERADATA,
        VERTICA,
        VECTORWISE;

        /**
         * Return the root of the family of products this database product
         * belongs to.
         *
         * <p>For {@link #DB2_AS400} and {@link #DB2_OLD_AS400} returns
         * {@link #DB2}; for all other database products, returns the same
         * product.
         *
         * @return root of family of database products
         */
        public DatabaseProduct getFamily() {
            switch (this) {
            case DB2_OLD_AS400:
            case DB2_AS400:
                return DB2;
            default:
                return this;
            }
        }
    }

    /**
     * Datatype of a column.
     */
    enum Datatype {
        String {
            public void quoteValue(
                StringBuilder buf, Dialect dialect, String value)
            {
                dialect.quoteStringLiteral(buf, value);
            }
        },

        Numeric {
            public void quoteValue(
                StringBuilder buf, Dialect dialect, String value)
            {
                dialect.quoteNumericLiteral(buf, value);
            }

            public boolean isNumeric() {
                return true;
            }
        },

        Integer {
            public void quoteValue(
                StringBuilder buf, Dialect dialect, String value)
            {
                dialect.quoteNumericLiteral(buf, value);
            }

            public boolean isNumeric() {
                return true;
            }
        },

        Boolean {
            public void quoteValue(
                StringBuilder buf, Dialect dialect, String value)
            {
                dialect.quoteBooleanLiteral(buf, value);
            }
        },

        Date {
            public void quoteValue(
                StringBuilder buf, Dialect dialect, String value)
            {
                dialect.quoteDateLiteral(buf, value);
            }
        },

        Time {
            public void quoteValue(
                StringBuilder buf, Dialect dialect, String value)
            {
                dialect.quoteTimeLiteral(buf, value);
            }
        },

        Timestamp {
            public void quoteValue(
                StringBuilder buf, Dialect dialect, String value)
            {
                dialect.quoteTimestampLiteral(buf, value);
            }
        };

        /**
         * Appends to a buffer a value of this type, in the appropriate format
         * for this dialect.
         *
         * @param buf Buffer
         * @param dialect Dialect
         * @param value Value
         */
        public abstract void quoteValue(
            StringBuilder buf,
            Dialect dialect,
            String value);

        /**
         * Returns whether this is a numeric datatype.
         *
         * @return whether this is a numeric datatype.
         */
        public boolean isNumeric() {
            return false;
        }
    }
}

// End Dialect.java